Impact of the orientation of seed placement and depth of its sowing on germination: A review

Seed orientation and its impacts on germination seedling establishment mainly depend the type of (hypogeal (or) epigeal), seed size shape. Higher per cent is noticed when seeds are sown in horizontal position. Planting a downward position can lead to variety physiological, chemical morphological changes seedlings. Consequences usually manifested as noticeable modifications their development. Vigorous have strong, resilient seedlings due well-balanced metabolism coordinated subcellular activity, making them well-suited for tough environments. Proper plumule radicle growth require additional hormones energy ensure survival. Four necessary factors must be considered while deciding sowing depth viz., soil moisture, optimum temperature, aeration atmospheric humidity required germination, emergence growth. Variations observed behaviour different depths. The very much important efficient nursery production. This review looks at effects agricultural, horticultural silvicultural crops.